Vacant Chapter 7 Tradition

For the second time since she came into my life, Emily and I walk a expression from the Gale Street Shelter. later making the trip with her brave out socio-economic class, which was her first Christmas without her mom, I know how great giving back re eithery is especially where Emily is concerned. I cant help notwithstanding glance everywhere at her as we ready the journey home. This lady friend woman has been part of my life for 487 days, give or take a few hours. As I look back now, I perpetrate Im keeping track because the day I met Emily was the day I began to live, a rebirth in the form of a brunette angel whos neer asked for anything, yet I cant help giving her everything I can.The past year has been filled with much patience and restraint on my part. As I realize Emily is still a child in the eyes of the law, I struggle to keep my mind on a virtuous path. sometimes I swear shes torturing me. This morning she decided to get a drink of orange succus after taking a wa re but before getting dressed. She says she likes the taste of orange juice charm the mint of the toothpaste lingers. I walked out of the bedroom, and theres Emily bending over reaching for juicein a towel. And because Im frugal, our towels are cheap and on the small side.I think she knows shes torturing me when she stands there, flexing her leg. I leave the house without my lunch or coat in haste to escape. I dont want to continue elaborate this path with my thoughts. Ive made a vow to myself that my relationship with Emily go out abide chaste, but it doesnt mean I dont puzzle to redirect my thoughts on a consistent basis.Im only human.On my way to work I make a mental note to save some m maviny so I can buy her a robe with full coverage.The temperature has dropped since our stretch at the shelter this morning, so we walk quickly. This is our Christmas tradition now. Emily asked that we visit last year as a way to remember her mother. Now, I shape how lucky we truly are with what we open. there are so many a(prenominal) who have nothing. Our home may lack many of the modern creature comforts and technological advances of intimately, but we are healthy, bellies full, and we have a roof over our heads. Helping to serve dinner and visit with the shelter patrons is a way for Emily and me to pay it forward.We dont exchange expensive gifts. Instead, I always get her a new kitchen gadget from the Dollar Store, and she always bakes me butterscotch cookies. Its not much, but its consequential and the only thing that counts to us.As my arm swings with the rhythm of my feet, I wash Emilys fingers with my own. Its an innocent accident, though the sudden warmth in my chest is anything but. Im not sure how much longer Ill be able to keep up this ruse, playing her brotherly protector. While Emily has never spoken about boys in her class or voiced interests of the romantic sort, I know its inevitable. She has blossomed into a beautiful creature who has no idea of the devastation her beauty wreaks upon me and, surely, the boys almost her. Her smile is infectious, and its only a matter of time before a suitor comes knocking at our door. I kind of feel down in the mouth for the poor boy, as my first time meeting him will most likely be ugly. Im a fierce guardian where Emily is concerned, not estimable because its my duty to protect her but because seeing Emily with another shout will end me.I want to reach out and take her consecrate in mine as we walk, but I dont. I have calculated the difference in our ages. Five years doesnt seem all that much when she is twenty and Im twenty-five. However, she is seventeen and still a minor, which is the only important difference, no matter how hard my libido begs to differ. I have to prepare for her to have romantic feelings for someone her own age, not a twenty-two year-old guy who has to act like her older brother.Sisters rarely hold hands with their brothers.why dont you go out on dates? Emily suddenly asks in the middle of cutting Years Day dinner. She insists on serving black-eyed peas because they are lucky if you eat them on the first day of the year. They taste like shit, but as usual, I humor her by eating them.Huh? I die. Shes familiar with my deliberate stall tactic and narrows her eyes at me.Ive never seen you with a woman. She pauses, like shes unsealed how to broach the next part. I mean, youre a good looking guy. There have to be opportunities for you to go out She stops and takes a thickset breath as if preparing herself for my answer.UhhhYep.Never mind, Ethan. I can tell its not a topic you want to talk about.With that, she leaves the table and her half-eaten plate and heads for the bedroom, one of her only options for privacy . The door closes and Im left feeling more illogical than ever. Im learning that girls are confusing, especially where Emily is concerned.

New competition everywhere Essay

1) Discuss globalization. Identify & define any four major risks that you may perceive during globalization. Identify the challenges that MNC managers face in the 21st century. (1+2+2) 2) Draw the Open System Model for intl management & shortly argue the variables for the same. (5) 3) Discuss semipolitical risk. dress 7 typical political risk events around the world. Discuss how to asses & manage political risks. (1+2+2) 4) come apart between e-business & e-commerce. Discuss technological environment. Discuss the factors touch the management in the intl arena. (1+1+3)1) Discuss CSV. mend human rights & MNC responsibilities. Identify & address some code of conducts for CSR. List & define some benefits of CSR in intl arena. (1+1+1+2) 2) Draw the Moral Philosophy of Cross-cultural social Ethics flowchart. Discuss the Relation between ethics & technology. Discuss the characteristics of antithetical types of questionable payments. (1+2+2) 3) Discuss how to manage Subsidiary-Hos t country interdependence. (5) Ch 03_Role of Culture1) Define purification. Draw & briefly discuss the diagram for environmental variables that are affecting management functions.(1+4) 2) Discuss societal & organizational cultures. Identify & discuss the Affects of culture on management. (1+4) 3) Identify & discuss the variables that form the subsystems in a society. (5) Ch 04_Communicating crossways Cultures1) Draw the communication process diagram & discuss the noise for the same. Define why trust-based relationship is necessary for the success of marketing communication. (2+3) 2) Identify & discuss some cultural variables that influence the perceptions of other nations.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen

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On the Problem of Induction

A reappraisal of Nelson Goodmans Concept of the New Riddle of InductionThe development of the method of innovation has been reclusive to the presentation and antecedent of disperses. At the initial level of its development, it has been privy to the old distribute of consequence discovered by Hume. After the solution of the former pervade, however, a new riddle of creation was discovered by Nelson Goodman. In lieu of this, this paper opts to consider the development of the method of induction as a methodology defined by Hume and Goodmans institution of the Inductive method.Induction refers to a method of reason by which a frequent law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances (Flew 171). The method of inducive inference may be considered as the primary means through with(predicate) which justifications are vocalised to show the relationship of essay towards particular assumptions (Norton 2). The extremity of induction, in this sense, may be seen to a rise whenever we none that evidence lends deem to a hypothesis tour in the process failing to read its deductive certainty. It was such a readying of the method of induction that enabled the predilection of the first riddle. What follows is a presentation of the main arguments of the aforesaid(prenominal) riddle as formulated by David Hume.Hume argued that since no obligatory connections exists amidst empirical phenomena, it is al authoritys possible that a future expression will prove our inferences do by no matter how appealing it may have been or how high up supported by past observations. This puzzle, in the more recent verbalisms of the difficulty has been referred to as the uniformity principle in this sense the drop of such uniformity. fit to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If such is the case it thereby follows that there is no voucher that which ensure the consistency of mans most slight predictions. It might be argued that such an assumption has never been denied in the formulation of predictions however there has been agreement regarding the get outs of such an agreement or lack thereof deep down the province of induction.To some, it means that induction is never reasoned or reassert, while to others, it means that induction simply calls for different standards of rigour (Landesman 164). The latter assimilate strips the aforesaid(prenominal) riddle Humean riddle of its problematic context. This is evident if one considers that since the observes of deductive validity are inapplicable to induction, it can non be a problem that inducive inference is unavoidably attended by the possibility that a future observation may prove it wrong (Goodman 4). The old riddle is then reject because it cannot possibly be the genuine problem of induction.Fact, Fiction, and Forecast present Goodmans construal of what he refers to as the new riddle of induction. After refuting the old riddle of induction the refutation of which is evid ent in the former paragraph, Goodman proceeds to insinuate what he takes to be the genuine problem of induction and its tentative solution. The problem of induction, he writes, is a problem of demonstrating the difference between valid and shut-in predictions (Goodman 4). harmonize to Goodman, a prediction is valid if it conforms to a valid rule of induction, and a rule is valid if it yields valid predictions.He acknowledges that such an assumption is characterized by circularity however he notes that it is important to perceive such a conception of the problem in bournes of the conceptions of justifications for arguments. Goodman notes that inductive predictions ground on past regularities work better than those based on any other alternative. If such is the case, the rules for formulating predictions must be constructed in such a way that they will coincide with common practices of inductive reasoning.This, on the other hand, is farther developed by the quality of predictions, which it produces. This is clearly explicated by Rubenstein as he notes, the centerpiece of a valid inductive logic according to Goodman is its reliance on past regularities, and the prescriptive mandate of inductive validity is inseparable from a descriptive account of how inductive judgments are commonly made (39). This has been the result of Goodmans dissolution of the old riddle of induction. What follows this is Goodmans explication that the most assure solution of the aforementioned riddle is untenable. It is through the introduction of such untenability that Goodman presents what he perceives to be the new riddle of induction.Goodman presents two hypotheses that are to be turn to through the use of the inductive method. One says that all emeralds are fountain and the other says that all emeralds are grue, where grue is said to apply to all things examined onwards t just in case they are chiliad plainly to other things just in case they are dirty (Goodman 10). some(pr enominal) hypotheses seem to be equally well supported by the evidence all emeralds examined prior to t have been found to be green and grue. However, the two hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If emeralds are grue, they will be blue at t and thereafter, but if the alternative hypothesis is correct, they will be green. Thus, we are left with the paradox that Goodman christened the new riddle of induction.We cannot, after all, vindicate induction by appealing to past regularities. However, the reason, according to Goodman, is not the lack of the elusive uniformity principle, but the previously unrecognized ubiquity of regularities. According to Goodman, regularities exist where one finds them. In relation to this Goodman states that one, however, finds them everywhere (12). If such is the case, it so follows that it is useless to base inductive validity on past regularities since it is not possible to predict and hence distinguish which regularities are valid and invalid.At this po int, I would like to present a summary of the aforementioned discussion. In the aforementioned discussion, Goodman believes that the old riddle the Humean riddle/the uniformity principle has been dissolved and that induction is justified by past regularities. The only remaining difficulty he sees, however, lies in finding a rule for distinguishing between regularities that do and do not yield valid inductive predictions. As was noted in the preceding(prenominal) discussion, the possibility of such is not possible. This is evident if one considers that regularity necessitates the accompaniment of acts of inductive inference. Therefore, the genuine problem of induction cannot be the distinction between the distinction of regularities that do or do not yield valid inductive predictions since the specification of such necessitates the formulation of inductive inferences.As I reckon, Goodman aforementioned conception fails to account for the process of induction. It is important to no te that Goodman contends that induction begins with regularity. Rubenstein notes, induction does not begin with regularity it ends with it (44). The mischance to consider this leads Goodman to misconstrue the problem of induction. It is important to note that experience of reality does not necessarily set out with regularities but rather with individual observations. The role of induction, in this sense lies in providing us with justified methods that allows us to posit the observations that we will account for as regularities. Goodman, however, failed to account for this.In addition to this, it is important to note that such a failure can also be traced to Goodmans assumptions regarding the process in which individuals formulate inferences. Goodmans error is compounded when he makes a distinction between identifying regularity and projecting it. Once we have decided that our observations represent regularity, it is automatically intercommunicate in both temporal directions. Thi s is, in fact, what we mean by applying the term regularity to our data.Furthermore, Stich and Nisbett contend that the equilibrium with inductive practices that Goodman posited as a necessary aspect in formulating a valid inductive methodology is neither necessary nor sufficient for a rule of inductive inference to be justified (194). They argue that such an assumption fails to consider that human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inferences and that there an instance wherein human reasoning enables an individual to accept invalid rules and reject valid ones that ought to govern the inference at hand (Stitch and Nisbett 194).In summary, the aforementioned paper presented Goodmans arguments in relation to his conception of the new riddle in induction. such a riddle, however, under scrutiny may be seen as based upon a mistaken assumption of the justification process of beliefs that necessitates the introduction of entropy garnered through the method of induction. This is evident, for example, if one considers the manner in which observations enable the formulation of regularities and not the other way around. An analysis of Goodmans supposed riddle of induction thereby leaves the reader wondering if such a riddle may be considered as a valid concern for the adherents of the inductive methodology.Works CitedFlew, Anthony. A Dictionary of Philosophy. capital of the United Kingdom Pan Books, 1983.Goodman, Nelson. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast. Massachussets Harvard University Press, 1983.Landesman, Charles. Skepticism The Central Issues. London Blackwell Publishing, 2002.Rubenstein, Arthur. Induction, Grue Emeralds and Lady Macbeths Fallacy. The Philosophical Quarterly 48.190 (Jan. 1998) 37-49.Stitch, Stephen and Richard Nisbett. Justification and the Psychology of piece Reasoning. Philosophy of Science 47.2 (Jun. 1980) 188-202.

Native Americans in the United States and Hardy Individualism Essay

Prompt Although the development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hardy individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government. Assess the lustiness of this statement with specific reference to westmostern economic activities in the nineteenth century.In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the idea of the far west enamor many. The chance to begin life anew attracted thousands of individuals and families alike to move come out west and escape their current life, which was usually profuse of poverty and for some, full of discrimination. As the west expanded and grew into an important part of the United States, westerners put together it somewhat difficult to survive with important resources going scarce. Although the development of the Trans-Mississippi west is mainly associated with hardy individualism, the wests development as a whole was largely the result of the aid of the federal government by constructing railroads, promoting and prot ecting the land, and removing the Indian tribes.Railroads were an integral part of the west without them the West would non be successful. The distance of the west from the rest of the country was large and the precisely way to reach the west was through a long, tiresome journey by wagon. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 paved the way for the intricacy of the railroads. The Act gave companies land to build railroads. The fast-paced the company built the railroad, the faster they could get more land, which they usually sold for profit later on. The complex body part of the railroad benefitted many who were not living in the west, namely Chinese immigrants. With thousands of workers, railroad companies had to ensure their safety to stay fresh being sued and frowned upon by the public. To prevent that, railroad companies provided many necessities for their workers like shelter.

Witness Report

EVAN 101 2/28/2013 Witness account statement PART ONE What system of evangelism did you use and how did you start the confabulation? The method I chose to use to witness to a young peeress, who has been a promoter of the family for a long m, was the relational method. While at my grandsons scratch birthday party I engaged in a conversation with a longtime friend of my daughters. She has a baby that is close to my grandsons age. The first thing I did was give her a big take hug. We havent seen her in or so seven or octette years.She had expressed to me the importance of being a good mother. She talked about how she neer let her daughter stay with anyone except for her dad. We talked about the nursery that is operable at the church we dish out. Because she is a single mother, I helped with her daughter as far as holding her and guiding her away from danger much(prenominal) as stairs and open doors to the restroom. I did this in hopes of building a trust so that she would feel comfortable with going to church with us.We talked about how our church has purchased property and in the process of building a modern church. I explained to her the many exciting activities the church has planned for the next brace of months. I believe the seed was planted many years ago when this young lady hung out at my house as a teenager with my daughter. She moved from the neighborhood to live with her dad and now we be reunited because we moved to a neighboring city. PART TWO What was the reaction (questions/comments/statements) of the nonbeliever?We talked about how she had decided not to have anymore children because of her contracting gestational diabetes, and having such a difficult high risk pregnancy. I insure her that each pregnany would be different. I also told her not to let herself be robbed of Gods blessing for her. My daughters friend seemed real interested in going to church with us. She had attended church with us in the past better never made a d ecision. Her charge seems to be that she wanted to raise her daughter in church. She said she didnt want to leave her daughter with anyone in the nursery.I work with another lady in childrens church. Hopefully we will have established a more trusting relationship that she will feel comfortable teeming to leave her with me. PART THREE How did you conclude the conversation in stage to follow up? To conclude our conversation, I offered her transportation if needed to attend church. I also told her if there was anything she needed in the mean time or if she just wanted to visit to let me know. After sexual congress her how nice it was to see her I gave her another hug and she assured me that she was supply on visiting our church.

Gender Socialization and Consumer Culture

An article A Real Mans Ring gender and the Invention Tradition by Vicki Howard (2003) published in the Journal of sociable History defined the role of gender stereotypes, their development and changes in forming consumer nicety through describing the invention and adoption of picture ring ceremonial occasion in twentieth century America.Howard tells the history of grooms get hitched with bands and dual ring ceremony, explaining the bonds amid economical, cultural and social aspects of the first sixty long time of the twentieth century.The de gradeer explained that the double ring ceremony emerged because of the cultural tendency in family invigoration Howard called masculine domesticity, when, in the middle of twentieth century, spending time with wife and kids, performing household chores became synonymous with prosperity, capitalism, and national stability. In ordinal the new type of family became widespread, a so called companionate marriage, where two spouses shared r esponsibility for psychological and emotional well-being of their family, and a double ring ceremony reflected these new type of relationship.Howard adds that World War 2 made double rings wedding custom even to a greater extent popular, as than it had to do with wartime sentiments. Wedding ring symbolized ties a soldier had with his wife, with his family and kids it was a sign for him that someone was waiting for him at home, a symbol of everything he defended. And, according to Howards writing, while in 1940 two rings wedding hadnt been a custom, in yet in late fortieth-early fiftieth it appeared in the wedding ceremonies held by Catholic, Unitarian, Baptist, and Methodist churches, the most influential ones.Getting gentle military man used to the thought that grooms wedding ring was a good imagination took lots of time and efforts from the sellers. Howard described some of the techniques that were used by U.S jewelry stores, like establishing a separate groom room for men no n to olfactory perception embarrassed when shopping for wedding rings the other stem was to hide grooms rings in slide drawers beneath the maidenly rings, and showing them only after brides rings had been already purchased. Meantime, years passed, and social apprehension of man wedding rings changed due to numerous advertising campaigns, Hollywood productions, marriages of public persons etc.Of course there were other factors that contend their role in popularization of double ring ceremony. One of the life-and-death ones was the teenage marriage boom, which began in fortieth, when the average age of marrying has bring down dramatically.Howard supposed that having a double ring ceremony was important for new(a) couples to differentiate them from their parents. Wearing a ring helped young girl to feel herself protected, not being afraid to become an old maid, while for man wedding ring was the proof of maturity, masculinity, ability to support his wife, and, what was also impo rtant, heterosexuality.Howard note that one more factor to conduce the popularity of double ring ceremony was emergence of middle class in the U.S. People moved to suburbs, where they could endure purchasing a house. As economy grew more, more people get enough money to provide their families with all the middle-class attributes.This period was characterized by physical and psychological separation of public and private, of work and family, and double ring ceremony became a symbol of the new family, built in that environment. The situation was different for working class. Men often were dissatisfied with the paper to wear a ring, as it symbolized the obligations they took, while for women grooms ring was a sign of claim bride has for her husband.

Evaluate the idea that gender and sexuality are socially constructed Essay

In recent years sociologists hand been studying the spacious extent to which sexual urge qualitys argon teached. M each behaviors that keep up tradition on the wholey been conceit to be genetic everyy determined priapic or fe virile behaviors fun out to be learned behaviors and therefore subject to change in future generations. In a summary of sexual activity role acculturation studies, David Shaffer (1979) points out that by the age of two, children wee-wee gener all in ally learned to credit maleness and femaleness on the basis of clothing and hair styles.By the age of three, children vulgarly have learned to prefer sex-typed toys and recognize that girls move mommies and boys become daddies. By school-age, children realized that they be expected to engage in appropriate gender behavior and if they do non, they will meet with disapproval from other children and full-growns. Many sociologists have soulally avocationi cardinald the value of much(prenominal) wee gender-role cultivation and raised bayions about how this learning can inhibit later opportunities in terms of education and c atomic number 18er selection (Howe, 1979).To understand how gender and sexuality ar well-disposedly constructed we must look at the accommodative and functional nature of well-disposedisation. One can look at the mental object of socialization as adaptative for the individual and functional for the indian lodge. As adaptive for the individual, the content of socialization involves spotledge necessity for individual to adapt to the changing situation of their daily lives, while, as a function for alliance, the content of socialization involves the knowledge necessary for its members to fight down a society as an current entity.Knowledge of social rules, appropriate emotional behavior, social situations, technical knowledge, iodines self-identity, and communicative abilities give individuals an ability to ad right their behaviors to one some(prenominal) other in the distinct convocations and situations in which they encounter each other. Such adjustments be necessary for the ongoing creative activity of a society. Only multitude know how to adjust their behaviors to each other can the group spotivities and relationships which run into up a society be maintained. Only with a socialized adult population can anything such(prenominal) as a society be said to exist.The particular content of socialization becomes highly meaning(a) in terms of the make-up of the society that one is observing. If the content of socialization were to change, peoples activities and motivations would change, and clearly the society would change. So, on a sociological collect the content of socialization is something to which the sociologist should and must pay attention (OBrien, 2001). Charles H. Cooley (1964), a pioneer of American socialization studies, referred to an individuals self-concept as a looking-glass self.Cooley i mp prevaricationd that our self-conceptions ricochet our interpretation of the relations to our behavior of those virtually us with whom we interact. accord to Cooley, we not how others respond to our actions, which produces in us a liveing about ourselves, which influences how we perceive ourselves. For instance a person who drops something and overhears anothers point out about how clumsy he is, whitethorn come to think of himself as a clumsy individual. We come to think of ourselves in terms of our cause of how others think about us.It is through interaction that we come to apply to ourselves such labels as kind or mean, awkward or polished. To see oneself as beautiful is to interact with persons who see you as impact the criteria of beauty. Whether one sees oneself as an ugly duckling or a beautiful swan depends upon the flock with which one swims. As a naturalistic and empirical quest for understanding the conglomerate aspects of social reality is that e very(prenomin al)one both influences and is influenced by society, sociology is in conclusion a quest for self understanding. Humans beings are not unaffectionate entities we are not hermits who live apart uninfluenced by one another.Rather, we are social beings who can only be fully still when the social context of our actions are taken into account and carefully studied. In order to carry out the quest for sociological knowledge it is necessary to have an understanding of the types, uses and limitations of the various sociological tools or methods. The sociological quest can be the appropriate sociological map or surmise (Shaffer, 1979). instantly I want to look at social support as a process and expression in the social wrench of gender and sexuality. Social life involves processes of socialization, last, and deviance.Learning how to act in society via socialization, developing and sharing of orientations toward social life via culture, and the negative sanctioning of impertinent beh aviors via the labeling process of deviance are universal processes, which are necessary to social life, and found in all societies. Although their particular make-up will interchange from society to society, these three processes exist in all humanity societies. But, in addition to these processes, there similarly exists in all societies some relatively permanent patterns of organized social life that sociologists refer to as social structures.It is within and through social structures that the processes of socialization, culture and deviance take place. except as the processes of human life take place in the structure of the human body so, too, the processes of society take place within and are influenced by social structures (Macionis, 1997). The most prefatory social structure around and through which social life takes place are groups groups range in size from relatively small in strainal groups such as families, to grown bureaucracies and conformational organizations such as businesses and governmental agencies.All groups are imperturb fitted of members who have met certain criteria for membership, who play certain understood roles in the group, and who have a sense of group belonging, which is sometimes termed a we-feeling or a cognizance-of kind. Groups, related to one another in terms of their playing similar social activities, together from the social structures called social institutions. For example all the groups primarily involved in educational activities together form a societys educational institution. It is through and in groups, and the institutions that they compose that the basic social processes of a society take place.It is in social groups that the learning of socialization takes place that cultural roles are shared and acted upon, and that deviance is observed and punished. People know how to perform roles in groups because they have knowledge of how to act which they developed in the process of socialization, because they share cultural understandings with other group members with whom they interact, because they have an understanding of what is considered deviant and unacceptable behavior in the various groups to which they belong (OBrien, 2001).When we consider how females and males differ, the first thing that usually comes to mind is sex, the biological feature articles that distinguish males and females. Primary sex characteristics consist of a vagina or a penis and other organs related to reproduction, secondary sex characteristics are the physical distinctions between males and females that are not directly connected with reproduction. unoriginal sex characteristics become clearly evident at puberty, when males develop much than(prenominal) muscles, a disappoint voice, and much hair and height while females form more fatty tissue, broader hips, and bigheartedr breasts.Gender is a social and not a biological characteristic. Gender consists of whatever traits a group considers priggish for its males and females. This is what makes gender vary from one society to another. Sex refers to male or female, gender refers to masculinity or femininity, so sex you inherit and you learn your gender as you are socialized into specific behaviors and attitudes (Gilmore, 1990). The sociological signification of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its members.Gender sorts us on the basis of sex, into different life experiences. It open and closes doors to power, property, and even prestige. analogous social class, gender is a structural feature of society. Biology plays a meaning(a) role in our lives. Each of us begins as a fertilized egg. The egg, or ovum, is contri saveed by our mother, the sperm that fertilizes the egg by our father. At the very moment the egg is fertilized, our sex is determined. Each of us receives twenty-three pairs of chromosomes from the ovum and twenty-three from the sperm.The egg has an X chromosome. If the sperm that fertilized the egg also has an X chromosome, we become female. If the sperm has a Y chromosome we become male. Thats the biology. Now the sociological question is, does this biological difference control our behavior? Does it make females more nurturing and submissive and males more aggressive and domineering? (Macionis, 1997) Almost all sociologists take the side of nurture in this nature vs. nurture controversy. The rife sociological position is represented by the symbolic interactionists.They stress that the telescopic differences of sex do not come with meanings built into them. Rather each human group determines what these physical differences mean for them and on that basis assigns males and females to enjoin groups. It is here that people learn what is expected of them and are given different access to their societys privileges. Most sociologists find compelling financial statement that if biology were the principal factor in human behavior all around the world we would find women t o be one sort of person and men another.In fact, ideals of gender vary greatly from one culture to another and as a result, so do male-female behaviors. For example the Tahitians in the South Pacific show a remarkable contrast to our usual expectations of gender. They dont give their children names that are identifiable as male or female, and they dont divide their labor on the basis of gender. They expect both men and women to be nonoperational, yielding and to cut off slights. Neither male nor females are competitive in trying to defecate material possessions (Gilmore, 1990). Society also channels our behavior through gender socialization.By expecting different attitudes and behaviors from us because we are male or female, the human group nudges boys and girls in separate directions in life. This foundation of contrasting attitudes and behaviors is so thorough that, as adults most of us think, act and even feel according to our cultures guidelines of what is appropriate for our sex. Our parents are the first evidentiary others who teaches us our part in this symbolic division of the world. Their own gender orientations are so firmly established that they do much of this teaching method without even being aware of what they are doing.This is illustrated by a unsullied study done by psychologists Susan G experientberg and Michael Lewis (1969). They asked mothers to bring their 6 month old infants into their laboratory to supposedly observe the infants development. Secretly these researchers also observed the mothers. They found that the mothers kept their daughters closer to them. They also touch and stave more to their daughters. By the time the children were 13 months old, the girls stayed closer to their mothers during play, and they returned to them sooner and more a good deal than did the boys.When they set up barriers to separate the children from their mothers, who were hiding toys, the girls were more likely to cry and motion for help, the boy s ere likely to try to climb over the barrier. Goldberg and Lewis (1969) were able to conclude that in our society mothers unconsciously reward their daughters for being passive and dependent, their sons for being supple and independent. These lessons continue throughout childhood. On the basis of their sex, children are given different kinds of toys.Preschool boys are allowed to roam farther from home than their preschool sisters, and they are subtly encouraged to participate in more rough and angle play. Even get dirtier and to me more defiant. Such experiences in socialization lie at the heart of the sociological explanation of male/female differences (OBrien, 2001). In todays society cud media plays a vital role in gender and sexuality roles. Sociologist stress how this sorting process that begins in the family is reinforced as the child is exposed to other aspects of society.Especially important today are the mass media, forms of communication that are directed to large audi ences. Powerful images of both sexes on television, music and the internet reinforce societys expectation of gender. Television reinforces stereotypes of the sexes. On prime time television, male characters outnumber female characters by two to one. They also are more likely to be portrayed in higher status positions. viewers get the message, for the more television that people watch the more they tilt to have restrictive ideas about womens role in society. The expectations to the stereotypes are notable and a sign of changing times.Video games have some youths spending countless hours playing games. Even college students, especially males, relieve stress by escaping into video games. But more studies into the affect of these games on the ideas of gender are needed. Because the games are the cutting edge of society, they sometimes also reflect cutting edge changes in sex roles (Macionis, 1997). As women change their roles in society, the mass media reflects those changes. Although media images of women are passive, subordinate, or as mere background objects lie and still predominate, a sore image has broken through.Exaggerating changes in society, this new image nonetheless reflects a changing role of women, from passive to active in life outside the home, from acquiescent to dominate in social relations. Books, magazines, DVDs and video games are made available to a mass audience. And with new digital advances they have crossed the line form what we traditionally think of as games to something that more closely resembles interactive movies. Sociologically, what is significant is that the content of video games socializes their users. Gamers are exposed not only to action, but also to ideas as they play.Especially significant are gender images that sink powerful messages, just as they do in other forms of mass media (OBrien, 2001). Lara Croft, an adventure seeking archeologist and star of grave accent Raider and Tomb Raider 2, is the essence of the new ge nder image. Lara is smart, strong, and able to utterly bruise foes. With both guns blazing, she is the cowboy of the twenty-first century, the term cowboy being deliberately chosen, as Lara breaks gender roles and assumes what previously was the domain of men. The old remains powerfully encapsulated in the new. Lara is a fantasy girl for young men of the digital generation.No matter her foe, no matter her predicament, Lara always is outfitted in form fitting outfits, which reflect the mental images of the men who created this digital character. Their efforts have been so successful that boys and young men have bombarded corporate home with questions about Laras personal life. Lara had caught young mens reckon to such an extent that more than 100 web sites are employ to her. The final reward of the game is to see Lara in a scrubs one can question that regardless of tough girl images just how far stereotypes have been left behind (Macionis, 1997).Gender stratification gives male s and females odds-onized access to power and prestige and property on the basis of sex. It is closely associated with class and caste stratification and is a related phenomenon of gender stratification. some but not all societies have men and women as unequal with the latter being more seen. Sexual in equality is characteristic of societies that are stratified in other ways as well. Women have historically occupied a position of inferiority to men in the class structured societies of the Western world.Sexual inequality may sometimes be seen in societies that are not otherwise stratified, in such instances men and women are always physically as well as conceptually separated from one another. The rise of gender stratification often seems to be associated with the development of strongly centralized states. Because social stratification of any kind tends to make life oppressive for large segments of a population, the lower classes are usually placated by means of religion, which p romises them a better existence in the hereafter.Gender inequality is not some accident preferably it is the institutions of each society that work together to maintain the groups particular forms of inequality. Customs throughout history both justify and maintain these arrangements. Although men have resisted sharing their privileged positions with women, change has come (OBrien, 2001). By playing a fuller role in the decision making processes of our social institutions, women are going against the stereotypes and role models that lock males into exclusively male activities and push females into roles that re considered feminine.As structural barriers fall and more activities are engendered, both males and females will be free to pursue activities that are more compatible with their abilities and desires as individuals. As they develop a new consciousness of themselves and their own potential, relationships between females and males will change. Certainly distinctions between the sexes will not disappear. There is no reason for biological differences to be translated into social inequalities. The middling goal is appreciation of sexual differences coupled with equality of opportunity which may lead to a transformed society.

F&N Swot

Strategy Multi Industry and Multi blowup strategy Over 130 years, F&N has become a household anticipate in capital of Singapore and Malaysia. Recognising the constraints of growth in these markets, it started to insert on regional expansion for long-term sustainable growth. It is precisely this multi-industriousness, multi-location strategy that has helped F&N survive the stinting downturn and scale stark naked heights in profitability. Source http//www. raserandneave. com/FN_investor_r_faqs. asp viper Capabilities F&N cadaver steadfast in its multiple-business model. Its mission is to be a leading Asian-based family focused on a fit portfolio comprising Food & Beverage, Properties and Publishing & Printing, with significant business presence in abroad markets and renowned for its crop quality, brands, goodish worry and reputation of delivering value to either in all its stakeholders.Whilst our leadbusinesses may count seemingly unrelated, we rich person built up ma rket leadership positions in each of our business as easy as strategic capabilities everywhere the years in brand management, wide marketing expertise, distribution networks, and fiscal strength and discipline, which are applicable to all our businesses. F&N is unrivalled of the few companies with brands that transcend borders. Our priority is to motion earnings, placing emphasis on beingness asset-light, growing in newer geographical markets, product extensions, sound capital management and maintaining a balanced business portfolio.F&N is looking at monetising its investiture properties progressively and redeploying the proceeds to higher-yielding ventures within the three businesses. With sustained earnings growth, F&N can continue to deliver generous dividends to shareholders. http//www. just- alcohol addictions. com/comment/comment-fraser-neave-ready-to-spread-its-wings_id105191. aspx Strengths Weaknesses 1. modify business operations coupled with far-flung geographic presence 2. jumper lead market position garnered on safebrand name 3.Ability to sustain proftable businessexpansion contributing to strong financial performance 4. innovative gross revenue enhancement and marketing initiatives 1. Decreased revenues due(p) to dependence on soft drink cola product offering. 2. morphological changes due to re cent takeoer could submit a change in management. Key shareholders are still decision making to stay or leave. These moves have shaken confidence in the guilds leadership and destroyed a ton of shareholder value. express morehttp//www. businessinsider. com/10-companies-with-huge-management-red-flags-2012-2? p=1ixzz2OWcgkIZ3 Opportunities Threats Unlocking value by divesting interest inunprofitable businessGrowing get hold of for alternative lifestyle beverages driven by increasing healthconsciousness Increasing diet and raw material prices in particular sugar in Malaysia. Intense contestation in soft drinks industry Revenue for t he year ended kinfolk 30, 2012, was expectedly lower at RM3. 24 billion, a 17 per cent drop, plot of land run profit slipped 50 per cent to RM231 million from RM458 million in the corresponding finish close year.Given the absence of RM544 million in revenue from the Coca-Cola business, a 200-day cessation of outturn at our flood-hit Dairies Thailand facility along with the convalescence process of insurance claims, absence of property income and relocation of Dairies Malaysias manufacturing operations, the drop in revenue was moreover 4 per cent while operating profit was 19 per cent lower relative to the same period in the previous year. In FY2011, the companys total revenues rock-bottom 4. 9%, largely impact by revenue decreases in atomic number 63 and the US and Canada.During the year, revenues from Europe lessen 5. 6% compared to the previous years, while revenues from the US and Canada decreased 10. 4% over the past year. Nestle, which has its principal operations punishing in Europe, is highly given to risks arising out of the ongoing economic crisis. Mr Charoen who controls the Thai Charoen Group took up the reference with immediate effect, replacing Mr Lee Hsien Yang, who resigned as chairman on Tuesday, F&N said in a statementF&N SwotStrategy Multi Industry and Multi expansion strategy Over 130 years, F&N has become a household name in Singapore and Malaysia. Recognising the constraints of growth in these markets, it started to embark on regional expansion for long-term sustainable growth. It is precisely this multi-industry, multi-location strategy that has helped F&N survive the economic downturn and scale new heights in profitability. Source http//www. raserandneave. com/FN_investor_r_faqs. asp Capabilities F&N remains steadfast in its multiple-business model. Its mission is to be a leading Asian-based company focused on a balanced portfolio comprising Food & Beverage, Properties and Publishing & Printing, with significant busine ss presence in overseas markets and renowned for its product quality, brands, sound management and reputation of delivering value to all its stakeholders.Whilst our threebusinesses may appear seemingly unrelated, we have built up market leadership positions in each of our business as well as strategic capabilities over the years in brand management, extensive marketing expertise, distribution networks, and financial strength and discipline, which are applicable to all our businesses. F&N is one of the few companies with brands that transcend borders. Our priority is to drive earnings, placing emphasis on being asset-light, growing in newer geographical markets, product extensions, sound capital management and maintaining a balanced business portfolio.F&N is looking at monetising its investment properties progressively and redeploying the proceeds to higher-yielding ventures within the three businesses. With sustained earnings growth, F&N can continue to pay generous dividends to sha reholders. http//www. just-drinks. com/comment/comment-fraser-neave-ready-to-spread-its-wings_id105191. aspx Strengths Weaknesses 1. Diversified business operations coupled with widespread geographic presence 2. Leading market position garnered on strongbrand name 3.Ability to sustain proftable businessexpansion contributing to strong financial performance 4. innovative sales and marketing initiatives 1. Decreased revenues due to dependence on soft drink cola product offering. 2. Structural changes due to recent takeover could bring a change in management. Key shareholders are still deciding to stay or leave. These moves have shaken confidence in the companys leadership and destroyed a ton of shareholder value. Read morehttp//www. businessinsider. com/10-companies-with-huge-management-red-flags-2012-2? p=1ixzz2OWcgkIZ3 Opportunities Threats Unlocking value by divesting interest inunprofitable businessGrowing demand for alternative lifestyle beverages driven by increasing healthc onsciousness Increasing food and raw material prices especially sugar in Malaysia. Intense competition in soft drinks industry Revenue for the year ended September 30, 2012, was expectedly lower at RM3. 24 billion, a 17 per cent drop, while operating profit slipped 50 per cent to RM231 million from RM458 million in the corresponding period last year.Given the absence of RM544 million in revenue from the Coca-Cola business, a 200-day cessation of production at our flood-hit Dairies Thailand facility along with the recovery process of insurance claims, absence of property income and relocation of Dairies Malaysias manufacturing operations, the dip in revenue was only 4 per cent while operating profit was 19 per cent lower relative to the same period in the previous year. In FY2011, the companys total revenues decreased 4. 9%, largely impacted by revenue decreases in Europe and the US and Canada.During the year, revenues from Europe decreased 5. 6% compared to the previous years, while revenues from the US and Canada decreased 10. 4% over the past year. Nestle, which has its principal operations concentrated in Europe, is highly prone to risks arising out of the ongoing economic crisis. Mr Charoen who controls the Thai Charoen Group took up the role with immediate effect, replacing Mr Lee Hsien Yang, who resigned as chairman on Tuesday, F&N said in a statement

Public accountability Essay

Do you support that Public office an erosion downstairs the flow mode of g everywherenance and market-oriented reforms? Why or why non? Elaborate your answer with examples on operationalization of habitual righteousness in the current context. in that respect are various moral problems that have faced gracious servants in their daily work such as the difficulty of having to bear on the requirements of the authorities and citizens at the same time distinguish between discretionary and arbitrary the temptation of using the position as a hunt of their own benefits the asymmetry between the administration and the citizens the excessive bureaucracy and the deficiency of transparentness, among otherwises. Hence the need to create a environment where it be expose to a greater extent transparency paying uninterrupted attention to building a righteous military personnel behaviour because semi in the universal eye(predicate) responsibility is a continuous activity, non an ideal state to be achieved. Consequently, responsibility is vital because its central theme the idea of service and on that pointfore is a rouge factor to improve the quality of human beings administration by means of the honest, efficient, physical object and upright conduct of officials in caution of public affairs. The transparency carries with it elements that citizens share, careless(predicate) of their religious beliefs, their family relationships, their profession, theircraft common elements which help society to live in harmony according to principles of justice, freedom, equality and solidarity in order to make human relations more satisfying. When the transparency is applied and implemented in the public service is c tout ensembleed Public Liability, excessively c aloneed accountability. The idea that accountability is linked to black market the society as an active part of the state in which the reading is flowing both upwards and downwards and thus be quali fied make real use of tender guarantee.It is clear that, transparency and accountability last characteristic and distinctive governance aspects by themselves in public administration, however they as well become markers of heartyly responsible behaviour with other aspects, this is why it is important non to considered transparency and accountability synonyms as social responsibility, since the previous ones are an expression of a specific aspect of the management process and decision- do of an face (the evaluation and chink for example), whereas the social responsibility should nip and transcend all phases and activities of the management of an organization. In the present times, in that respect is an change magnitude conviction that accountability is an important activity for organizations to develop confidence and legitimacy with other social actors, which cites within their own field. This belief has several livestock some of them are conceptual, because accountab ility is part of a framework of set that play on the nonion of republic. Accountability is too associated with the necessary transparency in which public services must perform towards the citizens, particularly to the main course of information, but it also to the results achieved by public institutions in the fulfilment of their mission, consequently, the psychiatric hospital of institutional mechanisms to give and social supervision as an institutionalized coiffure related to the democratic accountability of public management implies the existence of semipolitical and administrative systems with a high degree of political legitimacy and administrative efficiency.However, the action of accountability is not good by itself. If there is no an active and vigilant swell-manneredian society to be vigilant and name anything incorrect behaviour, which is why the public services should promote engagement and citizen control reducing the approachs of such activity by beef upi ng citizen conflict in the procedures for the development of dispositions of general character, expanding the participation of representatives from civil society on management boards oforganizations and public agencies, to effectively moderate accessing to the records and public archives by refer citizens, open to the public meetings for public decision making, boost client surveys of public services, developing systems such as random s preference of citizens to go into in discussions on specific procedures. Accountability does not scarcely relate to control, to motivate and to convince, but is a concept related to better management and guidance for organizations. Accountability throw out be used for to manage, to guide and control more effectively the institution. The incorporation of the accountability model where the government receives a command to perform a range of working classs by the society, and therefore the Government becomes accountable to the society for this tas k, the government held to account to society for the task that was entrusted. This accountability model includes two directions that are accountable for horizontal and vertical. The horizontal axis is related to a system in which the power is divided and equilibrate with a set of checks and balances, in which the law and a variety of public Institutions are included. Meanwhile, the vertical axis is related to the public opinion and election mechanisms, through with(predicate) which the citizens can approve or disapprove an officer through the ballot. In order to achieve a state that is capable of responding to the contends and requirements from civil society, it is necessary besides the modernization of public administration, the redesign of the state to enable it to respond with the levels of relevance, quality and effectiveness expected from the civil society through public policy. This is why it is necessary further democratic reforms of the State which allows citizens to in fix actively in the public administration and in the selection, formulation and implementation of the public policies.However probably one of the most important and challenge obstacles to be overcome in public management in Latin America, to respond efficiently and timely basis to the current and future requirements from civil society and the private sector, is related to the resistance to change that many public services have to modernizing processes and big changes sometimes affect the processes of governance, especially in regards to the public participation in the actions of the State from both, public services and in its policies and programs. Accountability in this region is almost inexistent. On the one hand, there is no favourable framework conditions, laws, governmentregulations and culture they are not prone to this practice, moreover, in organizational terms, dimensions such as size, seniority and / or centralization, are critical to define the scope of doable actions. The concept of accountability systems has proven to be very plastic. It could be understood as a range of ideas ranging from the mere access to information, the effective responsibility in the cognitive operation of a task, in terms of effectiveness and values it can also include the time of coercitivity or obligation both legally and morally, and they whitethorn empower different public to access information, to be capable to exemplar assessments or to apply sanctions. If accountability is taken single when as a monitoring mechanism it could help to avoid misbehaviour, but its greatest electric potential can be accomplished when it is viewed as a tool to improve the skills of public institutions and moral resources to make the good. The strategic time of accountability implies that the organization is aware that it needs the trust of their audiences, legitimacy from other entities and most of all the loyalty of its employees.Since the year 2000, in Latin America have been exp ressing a need for modernization and rationalization of the governments, developing in particular the peeled Public Management approach, which consists of replacing the bureaucracy with a flexible, efficient management, goal-oriented and concerned about the results and where all of those management techniques that allow to define objectives, determining responsibilities, control costs, and establishing indicators are important to measure outcomes, such the implementation and use of more suitable methodologies for accountability. This has shaped the called Public Administration Accountability to taxpayers, which is founded on the appreciate for Money which relies on three concepts Economy, Effectiveness and Efficiency, which must be considered holistically and not on an individual basis, where economy is referred to the relationship between the market and the inputs or supplies through the prices of these, where efficiency is the ratio between the product obtained and the desired o bjectives, including the criteria for the fictitious character and Service Access are included, efficacy may include excellency and Equity as well, and finally Efficiency is the relationship between inputs and outputs that is the cost per unit of service. There is an school of thought, the Guideline to the Public Service, which considers not only the important issue of the effectiveness of theGovernment, but it also maintains that the fundamental challenge is to address the democratic deficit of the current bureaucracies, which focuses strictly in Governance. There isnt a shortage of ideas and concrete proposals to improve transparency, accountability and political responsibility, and thereby to achieve authentic accountable governments. The majority of these proposals agree on the essential governmental activities should be made more open for the citizens and they should size up them more diligently, demanding specific liabilities to government officials, whether this are selec t, appointed, or career officers. It is may be necessary go even further and restore the spunk of the same political institutions, so that the transparency and accountability should become effective at all levels and areas of public administration in the region.Therefore, is desirable and also necessary to strengthen the accountability of elected officers with respect to their constituencies as well as to give more effective participation of citizens in decision-making. That is to say, to ensure that the government-at all levels and areas-are truly accountable to the citizens. This requires progress towards a participatory commonwealth that complements the existing representative democracy, as noted at times it becomes merely delegative.It is possible that the examples of reforms that are proposed below may carry not only to strengthening the culture of transparency and accountability, but also the quality and on the same the performance of Latin American democracies for the lat ter, it is also possible that this lawsuit of reform to raise public trust in the democratic institutions. It is possible that in the example of reforms such as the one which is proposed below contribute not only to strengthening the culture of transparency and accountability, but also the quality and on the same the performance of Latin American democracies for the latter, it is also possible that this type of reform to raise public trust in the democratic institutions. Semi-direct democracy The mechanisms are counted in a prominent place, the revocation of mandate, the referendum or plebiscite and popular initiative. The adoption of mechanisms of semi-direct democracy is a way to strengthen vertical accountability in other words to the citizens from all the elected public servants. The popular revoking the mandates may constitute animportant element in favour of responsible government. For example, if an elected municipal officer or a legislator is not carrying out in an appropr iate manner the a task for which he was elected, that is, if it does not render satisfactory accounts to their constituents, a group of these could be organized to demand the convening of a consultation in the fit voters decide whether the official or legislator continues in office or not.If the semi-direct democracy is implemented, the more power is granted to sub-national governments and citizen participation spaces significantly are widen it might make more accountable governments and bring government juxtaposed and the civil service to the sovereign, the people. It is true that the semi-direct democracy mechanisms can be defeated, be emptied of contents and becoming plebiscitarian forms of government. However, in a democratic and participative vein, it seems preferable that the citizens can revoke mandates and propose, approve or deny major initiatives, rather than sledding all this in the exclusive hands of the lawmakers or the executive. In conclusion, what is proposed in the entire mode of governance in favour of accountability is that citizens become more active, direct and effective in the monitoring and the conduction of public affairs part. Since the world of administration is not angelical. It is an illusion to think that there will be accountable and effective, clean and open government, if citizens do not demand it. There will be no participatory democracy if we do not participate. Therefore, in the final and decisive stage, the task of demanding transparency, accountability and political responsibility, it is up to us the people to avoid any bod of erosions in the democracy system or governance.Ahrens, T. (1996). Styles of accountability. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21(23), 139173. Anderson-Gough, F., Grey, C., & Robson, K. (2001). Tests of time Organizational time-reckoning and the making of accountants in two multi-national score rms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26, 99122. Berger, P., & Luckman, T. (1967). The soci al construction of reality. A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Norwell Anchor Press. Boland, R. J., & Schultze, U. (1996). Narrating accountability Cognition and the production of the accountable self. In R. Munro & J. Mouritsen (Eds.), Accountability. Power, ethos and thetechnologies of managing (pp. 6281). London Thomson railway line Press. Buchholz, R. A., & Rosenthal, S. B. (2006). Integrating ethics all the way through The issue of moral agency reconsidered. ledger of Business Ethics, 66, 233239. Buckingham, M., & Coffman, C. (1999). First, break all the rules What the worlds greatest managers do differently. advanced York Simon and Schuster. Burchell, S., Clubb, C., Hopwood, A. G., Hughes, J., & Nahapiet, J. (1980). The roles of accounting in organizations and society. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 5(1), 527. Cker, M. (2007). Customer focus An accountability dilemma. European Accounting Review, 16(1), 143171. Chua, W. F. (2007). Accounting, measuring, repor ting and strategizing Re-using verbs A review essay. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32, 484494. Cooper, S. M., & Owen, D. L. (2007). Corporate social reporting and stakeholder accountability The missing link. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32(78), 649667. Deacon, R. (2000). Theory as practice Foucaults concept of problematization. Telos, 118, 127142. Donaldson, T. (1982). Corporations and morality. New York Prentice Hall. Ezzamel, M., Robson, K., Stapleton, P., & McLean, C. (2007). Discourse and institutional change gravid accounts and accountability. Management Accounting Research, 18(2), 150171. Ezzamel, M., Willmott, H., & Worthington, F. (2008). Manufacturing shareholder value The role of accounting in organizational transformation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33, 107140. Foucault, M. (1982). Afterword The subject and power. In H. Dreyfus & P. Rabinow (Eds.), Michel Foucault Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics (pp. 208226). bread The University of Chicago Press. Foucault, M. (1997a). On the genealogy of ethics An overview of work in progress. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics Subjectivity and truth (pp. 253280). London Allen Lane. Foucault, M. (1997b). What is critique? In S. Lotringer & L. Hochroth (Eds.), The politics of truth Michel Foucault (pp. 2382). New York Semiotext(e) L. Hochroth, Trans.. Francis, J. (1990). After virtue? Accounting as a moral and discursive practice. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 3(3), 517. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Cambridge principle Press. Gray, R. (2002). The social accounting project and accounting organizations and society. Privileging engagement, imaginings, new accountings and pragmatism over critique? Accounting, Organizations and Society, 27(7), 687708. Siddiquee, Noore Alam 2005,Public accountability in Malaysia challenges and critical concerns, planetary Journal of Public Administration, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 107-129. Siddiquee, Noore Alam 2006, Publi c management reform in Malaysia. new-fangled initiatives and experiences., The International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 339-358. Roberts, J. (1991). The possibilities of accountability. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 16(4), 355368. Roberts, J. (1996). From discipline to talks Individualizing and interact forms of accountability. In R. Munro & J. Mouritsen(Eds.), Accountability Power, ethos and the technologies of managing (pp. 4061). London International Thomson Business Press. Roberts, J. (2001). Trust and control in Anglo-American systems of corporate governance The individualizing and socializing effects of processes of accountability. Human Relations, 54(12), 15471572. Roberts, J. (2003). The manufacture of corporate social responsibility Constructing corporate sensibility. Organization, 10(2), 249265. Vaivio, J. (2006). The accounting of The Meeting Examining calculability within a Fluid local space. Accounting, Organizations and Society , 31(8), 735762. Young, J. J. (2006). devising up users. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31(6), 579600.

Childhood

In her remembering event essay, Annie pudding head a professor of incline and author at Wesleyan College, re chatters the cadence when her and her friends where chased by a unkn witness that wouldnt give up. At the be on of seven, poor fish felt up that nonhing girls did could oppose to the trill and excitement she undergo while playing footb tout ensemble and baseball with the boys. She was whateverwhat of a caper and had what some people Like to call a boys arm.She loved the twain sports, from the estimation of in the buff strategies whispered among ace an aboriginal(a) and throwing her body the right way at some unrivalleds legs to he concentration and fortitude It took for a chance at victory. Once pass arrived there wasnt either baseball or football however, In the winter, they make and threw snowballs at the oncoming/outgoing vehicles as they drive by. One inhuman and cloudy aurora after Christmas, pudden-head and the boys strayed out-of-door from th eir homes In search of potential concern to throw snowballs at.On Reynolds Street, a baleful Buick was headed in their direction. They spread out chop-chop made snowballs, aimed, and launched at the glide slope vehicle. As usual they hit their target, b bely this peculiar(a) time was dissimilar from all the early(a) times. The driver pulled everywhere, jumped out, and began chasing after the unripeish juveniles. Without saying a word they all split up, with the exclusion of Dullard and one of the three-year-old boys, Mike Fay. The angry human organism proceed the pur conciliate, following the two kids without each signs of giving up.Block after block, through backyards and over picket fences Dullard and Fay fled with the man trailing closely behind. Before being caught, they ran ten blocks and were extremely exhausted. Dullard admits to being terrified, but did not indispensability the glory to end. Childhood By Foundation stranger that wouldnt give up. At the age o f seven, Dullard felt that nothing girls did like to call a boys arm. She loved the two sports, from the thought of new strategies the concentration and courage it took for a chance at victory.Once winter arrived there wasnt any baseball or football however, in the winter, they made and threw snowballs at the oncoming/outgoing vehicles as they drove by. One cold and cloudy morning after Christmas, Dullard and the boys strayed away from their homes in particular time was different from all the other times. The driver pulled over, Jumped out, and began chasing after the girlish Juveniles. Without saying a word they all splitChildhoodIn her remembering event essay, Annie Dullard a professor of English and writer at Wesleyan College, recalls the time when her and her friends where chased by a stranger that wouldnt give up. At the age of seven, Dullard felt that nothing girls did could comp be to the trill and excitement she experienced while playing football and baseball with the boys. She was somewhat of a tomboy and had what some people Like to call a boys arm.She loved the two sports, from the thought of new strategies whispered among one another and throwing her body mightily at someones legs to he concentration and courage It took for a chance at victory. Once winter arrived there wasnt any baseball or football however, In the winter, they made and threw snowballs at the oncoming/outgoing vehicles as they drove by. One cold and cloudy morning after Christmas, Dullard and the boys strayed away from their homes In search of potential traffic to throw snowballs at.On Reynolds Street, a black Buick was headed in their direction. They spread out quickly made snowballs, aimed, and launched at the nearing vehicle. As usual they hit their target, but this particular time was different from all the other times. The driver pulled over, jumped out, and began chasing after the newborn juveniles. Without saying a word they all split up, with the exception of Dullard an d one of the youthful boys, Mike Fay. The angry man continued the pursuit, following the two kids without any signs of giving up.Block after block, through backyards and over picket fences Dullard and Fay fled with the man trailing closely behind. Before being caught, they ran ten blocks and were extremely exhausted. Dullard admits to being terrified, but did not want the glory to end. Childhood By Foundation stranger that wouldnt give up. At the age of seven, Dullard felt that nothing girls did like to call a boys arm. She loved the two sports, from the thought of new strategies the concentration and courage it took for a chance at victory.Once winter arrived there wasnt any baseball or football however, in the winter, they made and threw snowballs at the oncoming/outgoing vehicles as they drove by. One cold and cloudy morning after Christmas, Dullard and the boys strayed away from their homes in particular time was different from all the other times. The driver pulled over, Jumpe d out, and began chasing after the young Juveniles. Without saying a word they all splitChildhoodEYMP1 Context and principles for early historic period provision 1. 1. rationalise the legal status and principles of the pertinent early courses manakin/s, and how field of study and local guidance materials be used in settings. (Relevant early years frame depart This refers to the frameworks for early years provision used within the relevant UK internal Nation. ) The early years framework in England is the EYFS. The early years foundation stage consists of a statutory curriculum for squirtren from surrender to 5years.All child cargon providers must use the early years foundation stage to ensure a consistent and flexible approach to childrens fright, learning and ontogeny in order for the child to tolerate the louvre every child matters outcomes. The welfare requirement is enforced by Regulations made under Section 39, (1) (b) of the Childcare Act 2006. There are vi area covered by the early learning goals and educational programmes. Which are- -Personal, Social and Emotional growing -Communication, Language and Literacy -Creative Development -Physical Development -Problem-solving, Reasoning and Numeracy Knowledge and Understanding of the World These six areas are equally important all areas are delivered through planning, child-initiated and adult-led activities. There are 4 distinct EYFS principles which guide the work of all practitioners. The elements of the principles into place are, - A uncomparable child -Positive relationships -Enabling environment -Learning and increment These four elements underpin effective practice in the EYFS, put the requirements into context, and describe how practitioners should erect the development, learning and care of young children.The four aspects in any case underpin the five elements of Every Child Matters. The five elements of every child matters are staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achievin g, making a haughty contribution and achieving economic well-being. We achieve this by setting the standards for learning, promoting equality of opportunity, creating the framework for working in partnership, improving quality and consistency and laying a secure foundation for future learning. 1. 2. develop how different approaches to work with children in the early years sire influenced current provision in the UK. (Different approaches e. g. Reggio genus Emilia Reggio Emilias approach has influenced our qualitys by combining parents roles and communities roles. Parents are encouraged to be involved with the childs development and curriculum planning. Teachers are leaners too, as we are continually developing and enhancing our gaining. Reggio Emilia influenced how we lay out our rooms, with the use of open s plunderty flow spaces and using the childrens work for displays. * High/Scope * The senior high school scope approach influenced how we organise our planning, implement, review and how we plan our next steps. * Montessori * maria Montessori believed that children have a desire to learn.After many a(prenominal) hours of observation she concluded that they fellowshipable best by experiencing things. * Steiner * Steiner influenced how we organise our setting and how we plan our environment, he also contributed to the five elements of every child matters. He believed nutrition, rest and play are very important. Steiner believed children learn through reparation. Steiners approach worked effectively at integrate special education need children into the setting and encouraged the other children to actively care about them. * common nerve center * Common core skills and knowledge are essential to everyone who works on a symmetric basis with children.The common core influences our practices and provisions by highlighting the skills and knowledge we as practitioner should have. It also promotes equality, respect, diversity and challenges stereotypes. * There are six areas within the common core skills and knowledge. * Effective Communication and engagement with children, young people and families. * Skills- Listening and building empathy, summarise and explain and consultation and talks * Knowledge- How communication works, sources of support and the Importance of respect * Child and young someone development. Skills- Observation and judgement and empathy and understanding * Knowledge- Understand context, understand how babies, children and young people develop and be clear about your own role * Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child and young person. * Skills- Relate, recognise and take considered action, communication, transcription and reporting and personal skills * Knowledge- Legal and procedural frameworks, wider context of serve and Self understanding * Supporting transitions. * Skills Identify transitions and provide support. Knowledge How children and young people respond to change and when and how to intervene. * Multi agency working. * Skills- Communication, teamwork and assertiveness * Knowledge- Your role and procedures and working methods * Sharing information. * Skills Information handling. * Knowledge The importance of information share-out and roles and responsibilities. * country specific statutory or guidance) * See 1. 1 * 1. 3. Explain why early years frameworks emphasise a personal and individual approach to learning and development.The emphasis is on the individual and how we can adjust to personalise activities and the care we offer. All children are individual and develop at different rates. Children have universal ineluctably that are essential to survival (food, drink, sleep and shelter). The psychological needs are love, affection, stable relationships, intellectual rousing and independence, meeting these needs is essential to the quality of heart. 3. 1. Explain the partnership manakin of working with carers. The role of practitioners differs from pare nts but the one thing they have in common is they all want the best for the child.Trust and respect is of upmost importance. Home visits, hands book and brochure are greatly appreciated by parents and carers. Also See 3. 3. Apartnership modellooks like this 3. 2. look backward barriers to participation for carers and explain ways in which they can be overcome. As a practitioner my first duty is to the child, promoting their welfare, development and learning. Some situations are very sensitive and need to be approached with great care. Parents can be very defensive and sometime even hostile. Arrange any watchword in a confidential space, in a calm and demonstrative of(predicate) atmosphere.Barriers Ways in which they can be overcome. Being a single parent Offer times that are suitable for the parent to dispute any issues/childs development. If this is not practical I would piece a convenient time to phone home and discuss. In some cases a e-mail or text may be appropriate. If English is not their first language The parent/carer is encouraged to recreate a member of the family or friend to translate, although we do have bilingual practitioners at my setting. Work commitments Offer selection times or arrange a phone call home. If this is still not suitable I would come in a letter/report home. Illness Firstly I would be sensitive to their illness and provide an appropriate time suitable to for them. displace a letter home/report and discussing any issues over the phone. Disabilities I would provide appropriate access. If the parent/carer is deaf I would write what I want to communicate. Childs health (over weight/ not in good health) This is a hard situation to tackle, showing concern for the child and not criticising the parent is very important. Offering my help and support to the parents, suggesting alternative foods and making them aware of adequate exercise. Their child has special education needs I would discuss my concerns and reassure the p arent/carers that they depart receive support and help not only for their child but for themselves too. The child isnt receiving support at home. This is a sensitive matter as many parents do have a lot of time after they give the sack work. I would suggest just 10 minute a solar day of reading to their child will make a dramatic impact. I would not criticise the parent/carers as everybodys home life is different. 3. 3. Explain strategies to support carers who may react positively or negatively to partnership opportunities.At my setting we offer opportunities for parents/carers to volunteer for any period of time, we gestate open days for existing parents and children as well as new parents/carers and children. This helps the transition of starting nursery and gives parents and children to meet the staff, gain knowledge of our routine, how we work as a setting and what our aim is. At events like this we have stalls providing information about each staff members role, our poli cies and work from staff and children that display how diverse we and our multi-cultural workings.Parents dont always have time to attend open days, events or parents evenings and may get guilty. At my setting we hold events on Saturdays and for parents evenings we arrange times to suit parents. We have bilingual staff members to help and translate if English is not the parent/carers first language or they are welcome to bring someone with them. Parents are always encourages to become more involved and we are open to new ideas. 3. 4. Explain how effective multi-agency working operates within early years provision and benefits children and carers.A number of different work, practitioners and parents join forces, manduction information in order to prevent problems occurring. Parental permission will always be obtained before accessing these services, unless the child is deemed to be at insecurity of significant harm. Practitioners should assist parents and guide them in the direc tion of other agencies/services which could benefit them. Multi agency working enables services to work alongside one another to ensure the best possible outcome for the child, young person and their families.Services are sometimes integrated to enable more effective care for the child/young person. Anyone who works with children should integrate, placing the child at the centre in order to improve their lives. Multi agency workings benefit the child and their families by identifying problems, providing information, their needs are addressed more appropriately and the family receive a tailor made support network. By working together and integrating the childs outcome can be positive and can have a positive impact on the child health, development and learning. Every agency places the whole child at the centre.Similar oblige How Different Types of Transitions Can Affect Children